physics experiments: the complete curriculum from Leybold since 1850 ![]()
P1.1.1.1 Using a caliper gauge with vernier
P1.1.1.3 Using a spherometer to determine bending radii
P1.1.2.1 Determining the volume and density of solids
P1.1.2.2 Determining the density of liquids using the Plumb bob
P1.1.2.3 Determining the density of liquids using the pyknometer after Gay-Lussac
P1.1.3.1 Determining
the gravitational constant with the gravitation torsion balance after
Cavendish - Measuring the excursion with a light pointer
P1.1.3.2 Determining
the gravitational constant with the gravitation torsion balance after
Cavendish - Recording the excursion and evaluating the measurement with
the IR position detector and PC
P1.2.2.1 Composition and resolution of forces
P1.2.3.2 Wheel and axle as a lever with unequal sides
P1.2.4.1 Fixed pulley, loose pulley and block and tackle as simple machines
P1.2.4.2 Fixed pulley, loose pulley and block and tackle as simple machines on the adhesive magnetic board
P1.2.5.1 Inclined plane: force along the plane and force normal to the plane
P1.2.5.2 Determining the coefficient of static friction using the inclined plane
P1.2.6.1 Static friction, sliding friction and rolling friction
P1.3.2.4 Path-time diagram of straight motion - Recording and evaluating with VideoCom
P1.3.3.7 Confirming Newton's first and second laws for linear motions - Recording and evaluating with VideoCom
P1.3.3.8 Uniformly accelerated motion with reversal of direction - Recording and evaluating with VideoCom
P1.3.3.9 Kinetic energy of a uniformly accelerated mass - Recording and evaluating with VideoCom
P1.3.4.1 Energy and linear momentum in elastic collision - Measuring with two forked light barriers
P1.3.4.2 Energy and linear momentum in inelastic collision - Measuring with two forked light barriers
P1.3.4.4 Newton's third law and laws of collision - Recording and evaluating with VideoCom
P1.3.5.1 Free fall: time measurement with the contact plate and the counter S
P1.3.5.2 Free fall: time measurement with the forked light barrier and the digital counter
P1.3.5.3 Free fall: multiple measurements with the g-ladder
P1.3.5.4 Free fall - Recording and evaluating with VideoCom
P1.4.1.2 Path-time diagrams of rotational motions - Recording and evaluating with CASSY
P1.4.2.1 Conservation of angular momentum in elastic rotational collision
P1.4.2.2 Conservation of angular momentum in inelastic rotational collision
P1.4.3.2 Centrifugal force of an orbiting body - Measuring with the central force apparatus
P1.4.3.3 Centrifugal force of an orbiting body - Measuring with the central force apparatus and CASSY
P1.4.5.1 Definition of moment of inertia
P1.4.5.2 Moment of intertia and body shape
P1.5.1.2 Determining the acceleration of gravity with a reversible pendulum
P1.5.2.1 Oscillations of a spring pendulum - Recording the path, velocity and acceleration with CASSY
P1.5.2.2 Determining the oscillation period of a spring pendulum as a function of the oscillating mass
P1.5.3.1 Free rotational oscillations - Measuring with a hand-held stopclock
P1.5.3.2 Forced rotational oscillations - Measuring with a hand-held stopclock
P1.5.4.4 Coupled pendulum - Recording and evaluating with CASSY
P1.6.1.1 Standing transversal waves on a thread
P1.6.1.2 Standing longitudinal waves on a helical spring
P1.6.3.1 Investigating circularly polarized waves in the experiment setup after Melde
P1.6.3.2 Determining the phase velocity of circularly polarized thread waves in the experiment setup after Melde
P1.6.4.1 Exciting circular and straight water waves
P1.6.4.2 Huygens� principle in water waves
P1.6.4.3 Propagation of water waves in two different depths
P1.6.4.6 Reflection of water waves at a straight obstacle
P1.6.4.7 Reflection of water waves at curved obstacles
P1.6.5.1 Two-beam interference of water waves
P1.6.5.2 Lloyd�s experiment on water waves
P1.6.5.3 Diffraction of water waves at a slit and at an obstacle
P1.6.5.4 Diffraction of water waves at a multiple slit
P1.6.5.5 Standing water waves in front of a reflecting barrier
P1.7.1.2 Acoustic beats - Displaying on the oscilloscope
P1.7.1.3 Acoustic beats - Recording with CASSY
P1.7.2.1 Determining the oscillation frequency of a string as a function of the string length and tension
P1.7.3.1 Kundt's tube: determining the wavelength of sound with the cork-powder method
P1.7.3.2 Determining the wavelength of standing sound waves
P1.7.3.3 Determining the velocity of sound in air as a function of the temperature
P1.7.3.4 Determining the velocity of sound in gases
P1.7.3.5 Determining the velocity of sound in solids
P1.7.4.1 Reflection of planar ultrasonic waves at a plane surface
P1.7.5.3 Diffraction of ultrasonic waves at a single slit
P1.7.5.4 Diffraction of ultrasonic waves at a double slit, a multiple slit and a grating
P1.7.6.1 Investigating the Doppler effect with ultrasonic waves
P1.7.7.1 Investigating fast Fourier transforms: simulation of Fourier analysis and Fourier synthesis
P1.7.7.2 Fourier analysis of the periodic signals of a function generator
P1.7.7.3 Fourier analysis of an electric oscillator circuit
P1.8.2.1 Confirming Archimedes� principle
P1.8.2.2 Measuring the buoyancy as a function of the immersion depth
P1.8.3.1 Assembling a falling-ball viscosimeter to determine the viscosity of viscous fluids
P1.8.4.1 Measuring the surface tension using the "break-away" method
P1.8.5.3 Determining the wind speed with a pressure head sensor - Measuring the pressure with the precision manometer
P1.8.5.4 Static pressure in a reduced cross-section - Measuring the pressure with a pressure sensor and Mobile-CASSY
P1.8.5.5 Determining the volume flow with a Venturi tube - Measuring the pressure with a pressure sensor and Mobile-CASSY
P1.8.5.6 Determining the wind speed with a pressure head sensor - Measuring the pressure with a pressure sensor and Mobile-CASSY
P1.8.7.3 Verifying the Bernoulli equation - Measuring with the precision manometer
P1.8.7.4 Verifying the Bernoulli equation - Measuring with a pressure sensor and Mobile-CASSY
P2.1.1.1 Thermal expansion of solids - Measuring using STM equipment
P2.1.1.2 Thermal expansion of solids - Measuring using the expansion apparatus
P2.1.2.1 Determining the volumetric expansion coefficient of liquids
P2.1.3.1 Investigating the density maximum of water
P2.3.2.1 Determining the specific heat of solids
P2.3.3.2 Converting mechanical energy into heat energy - Recording and evaluating with CASSY
P2.3.4.2 Converting electrical energy into heat heat energy - Measuring with the joule and wattmeter
P2.3.4.3 Converting electrical energy into heat energy - Measuring with CASSY
P2.4.1.1 Determining the specific vaporization heat of water
P2.4.1.2 Determining the specific latent heat of ice
P2.4.3.1 Observing the phase transition between the liquid and the gas phase at the critical point
P2.5.1.1 Brownian movement of smoke particles
P2.5.2.1 Pressure-dependency of the volume of a gas at a constant temperature (Boyle-Mariotte�s law)
P2.5.2.2 Temperature-dependency of the volume of a gas at a constant pressure (Gay-Lussac�s law)
P2.5.2.3 Temperature-dependency of the pressure of a gas at a constant volume (Amontons� law)
P2.6.1.1 Operating a hot-air engine as a thermal engine
P2.6.1.3 Operating the hot-air engine as a heat pump and a refrigerator
P2.6.2.1 Frictional losses in the hot-air engine (calorific determination)
P2.6.2.2 Determining the efficiency of the hot-air engine as a heat engine
P2.6.2.3 Determining the efficiency of the hot-air engine as a refrigerator
P2.6.2.4 pV diagram of the hot-air engine as a heat engine - Recording and evaluating with CASSY
P2.6.3.1 Determining the efficiency of the heat pump as a function of the temperature differential
P2.6.3.2 Investigating the function of the expansion valve of the heat pump
P2.6.3.3 Analyzing the cyclical process of the heat pump with the Mollier diagram
P3.1.1.2 Basic electrostatics experiments with the electrometer amplifier
P3.1.2.2 Confirming Coulomb�s law - Measuring with the force sensor
P3.1.2.3 Confirming Coulomb�s law - Recording and evaluating with CASSY
P3.1.3.3 Measuring the potential inside a plate capacitor
P3.1.3.4 Measuring the potential around a charged sphere
P3.1.4.2 Kirchhoff�s voltage balance: Measuring the force between two charged plates of a plate capacitor
P3.1.4.3 Measuring the force between a charged sphere and a metal plate
P3.1.5.1 Investigating the charge distribution on the surface of electrical conductors
P3.1.5.2 Electrostatic induction with the hemispheres after Cavendish
P3.1.6.1 Determining the capacitance of a sphere in free space
P3.1.6.2 Determining the capacitance of a sphere in front of a metal plate
P3.1.7.1 Determining the capacitance of a plate capacitor - Measuring the charge with the electrometer amplifier
P3.1.7.2 Parallel and series connection of capacitors - Measuring the charge with the electrometer amplifier
P3.1.7.3 Determining the capacitance of a plate capacitor - Measuring the charge with the I-measuring amplifier D
P3.1.7.4 Measuring the electric field strength inside a plate capacitor
P3.1.7.5 Measuring the electric field strength inside a plate capacitor as a function of the dielectrics
P3.1.7.6 Measuring the electric field strength of a charged sphere in front of a conductive plate (image charge)
P3.2.2.1 Verifying Ohm�s law and measuring specific resistances
P3.2.5.1 Determining the Faraday constant
P3.3.3.1 Measuring the force acting on current-carrying conductors in the field of a horseshoe magnet
P3.3.3.2 Measuring the force acting on current-carrying conductors in a homogeneous magnetic field - Recording with CASSY
P3.3.3.3 Measuring the force acting on current-carrying conductors in the magnetic field of an air coil - Recording with CASSY
P3.3.4.1 Measuring the magnetic field for a straight conductor and on circular conductor loops
P3.3.4.2 Measuring the magnetic field of an air coil
P3.4.1.1 Generating a voltage surge in a conductor loop with a moving permanent magnet
P3.4.2.1 Measuring the induction voltage in a conductor loop moved through a magnetic field
P3.4.3.1 Measuring the induction voltage in a conductor loop for a variable magnetic field - with triangular wave-form power supply
P3.4.4.1 Waltenhofen�s pendulum: demonstration of an eddy-current brake
P3.4.4.2 Demonstrating the operating principle of an AC power meter
P3.4.5.1 Voltage and current transformation with a transformer
P3.4.5.2 Voltage transformation with a transformer under load
P3.4.5.3 Recording the voltage and current of a transformer under load as a function of time
P3.4.5.4 Power transmission of a transformer
P3.6.1.1 Charging and discharging a capacitor when switching DC on and off
P3.6.1.2 Determining the capacitive reactance of a capacitor in an AC circuit
P3.6.3.1 Determining the impedance in circuits with capacitors and ohmic resistors
P3.6.3.2 Determining the impedance in circuits with coils and ohmic resistors
P3.6.4.1 Determining capacitive reactance with a Wien measuring bridge
P3.6.4.2 Determining inductive reactance with a Maxwell measuring bridge
P3.6.6.2 Determining the electric work of an immersion heater using an AC power meter
P3.7.2.1 Radiation characteristic and polarization of decimeter waves
P3.7.2.2 Amplitude modulation of decimeter waves
P3.7.2.4 Estimating the dielectric constant of water in the decimeter-wave range
P3.7.3.1 Determining the current and voltage maxima on a Lecher line
P3.7.3.2 Investigating the current and voltage on a Lecher line with a loop dipole
P3.7.4.1 Directional characteristic and polarization of microwaves in front of a horn antenna
P3.7.5.1 Guiding of microwaves along a Lecher line
P3.7.5.2 Qualitative demonstration of guiding of microwaves along a metal waveguide
P3.8.1.1 Recording the characteristic of a tube diode
P3.8.1.2 Half-wave rectification using a tube diode
P3.8.2.1 Recording the characteristic field of a tube triode
P3.8.3.1 Demonstrating the linear propagation of electrons in a field-free space
P3.8.3.2 Deflection of electrons in an axial magnetic field
P3.8.4.1 Hot-cathode emission in a vacuum: determining the polarity and estimating the specific charge of the emitted charge carriers
P3.8.4.2 Generating Lissajou figures through electron deflection in crossed alternating magnetic fields
P3.8.4.3 Generating Lissajou figures through electron deflection in parallel alternating electrical and magnetic field
P3.8.5.1 Investigating the deflection of electrons in electrical and magnetic fields
P3.8.5.2 Assembling a velocity filter (Wien filter) to determine the specific electron charge
P3.9.2.1 Investigating spontaneous gas discharge in air as a function of pressure
P4.1.1.1 Determining the internal resistance of a battery
P4.1.1.3 Recording the current-voltage characteristics of a solar battery as a function of the irradiance
P4.1.2.1 Recording the current-voltage characteristic of an incandescent lamp
P4.1.3.1 Recording the current-voltage characteristics of diodes
P4.1.3.2 Recording the current-voltage characteristics of Zener diodes (Z-diodes)
P4.1.3.3 Recording the current-voltage characteristics of light-emitting diodes (LED)
P4.1.5.1 Investigating the diode properties of transistor junctions
P4.1.5.2 Recording the characteristics of a transistor
P4.1.5.3 Recording the characteristics of a field-effect transistor
P4.2.1.1 Discrete assembly of an operational amplifier as a transistor circuit
P5.3.1.1 Diffraction at a slit, at a post and at a circular iris diaphragm
P5.3.1.2 Diffraction at a double slit and multiple slits
P5.3.1.4 Diffraction at a single slit - Recording and evaluating with CASSY
P5.3.1.5 Diffraction at a double slit and multiple slits - Recording and evaluating with CASSY
P5.3.2.1 Interference at a Fresnel's mirror with an He-Ne laser
P5.3.2.2 Lloyd�s mirror experiment with an He-Ne laser
P5.3.2.3 Interference at Fresnel�s biprism with an He-Ne laser
P5.3.3.1 Newton's Rings in transmitted monochromatic light
P5.3.3.2 Newton's rings in transmitted and reflected white light
P5.3.4.1 Setting up a Michelson interferometer on the laser optics base plate
P5.3.4.2 Determining the wavelength of the light of an He-Ne laser using a Michelson interferometer
P5.3.5.1 Setting up a Mach-Zehnder interferometer on the laser optics base plate
P5.3.5.2 Measuring the refractive index of air with a Mach-Zehnder interferometer
P5.3.6.1 Creating white-light reflection holograms on the laser optics base plate
P5.3.7.1 Creating transmission holograms on the laser optics base plate
P5.4.2.1 Birefringence and polarization with calcareous spar
P5.4.2.2 Quarter-wavelength and half-wavelength plate
P5.4.2.3 Photoelasticity: Investigating the distribution of strains in mechanically stressed bodies
P5.4.3.1 Rotation of the plane of polarization with quartz
P5.4.3.2 Rotation of the plane of polarization with sugar solutions
P5.4.3.3 Building a half-shadow polarimeter with discrete elements
P5.4.5.1 Demonstrating the Pockels effect in a conoscopic beam path
P5.4.5.2 Pockels effect: transmitting information using modulated light
P5.4.6.1 Faraday effect: determining Verdet�s constant for flint glass as a function of the wavelength
P5.5.1.2 Determining the luminous intensity as a function of the distance from the light source - Recording and evaluating with CASSY
P5.5.2.1 Stefan-Boltzmann law: measuring the radiant intensity of a "black body" as a function of temperature
P5.5.2.2 Stefan-Boltzmann
law: measuring the radiant intensity of a "black body" as a function of
temperature - Recording and evaluating with CASSY
P5.5.2.3 Confirming the laws of radiation with Leslie's tube
P5.6.1.1 Determining
the velocity of light by means of the rotating-mirror method according
to Foucault and Michelson - Measuring the image shift as a function of
the rotational speed of the mirror
P5.6.1.2 Determining
the velocity of light by means of the rotating-mirror method according
to Foucault and Michelson - Measuring the image shift for the maximum
rotational speed of the mirror
P5.6.2.1 Determining the velocity of light in air from the path and transit time of a short light pulse
P5.6.2.2 Determining the propagation velocity of voltage pulses in coaxial cables
P5.6.3.1 Determining the velocity of light using a periodical light signal at a short measuring distance
P5.6.3.2 Determining the velocity of light for different propagation media
P5.6.3.3 Determining
the velocity of light using a periodical light signal at a short
measuring distance - measuring with the laser motion sensor S and CASSY
P5.6.3.4 Determining the velocity of light for different propagation media - measuring with the laser motion sensor S and CASSY
P5.7.1.1 Measuring the line spectra of inert gases and metal vapors using a prism spectrometer
P5.7.2.1 Measuring the line spectra of inert gases and metal vapors using a grating spectrometer
P5.7.2.4 Determining the grating constant of a holographic grating with an He-Ne-Laser
P5.8.5.1 Laser Doppler Anemometry with CASSY
P6.1.1.1 Estimating the size of oil molecules
P6.1.2.3 Determining
the electric unit charge after Millikan and verifying the charge
quantification - Measuring the suspension voltage and the falling speed
with CASSY
P6.1.2.4 Determining
the electric unit charge after Millikan and verifying the charge
quantification - Measuring the rising and falling speed with CASSY
P6.1.3.1 Determining the specific charge of the electron
P6.1.4.3 Determining Planck�s constant - Selection of wavelengths using interference filters on the optical bench
P6.1.4.4 Determining
Planck�s constant - Recording the current-voltage characteristics,
selection of wavelengths using interference filters on the optical bench
P6.1.4.5 Determining Planck�s constant - Recording the current-voltage characteristics, measuring in a compact assembly
P6.1.5.1 Deflection of electrons at a polycrystalline lattice (Debye-Scherrer diffraction)
P6.1.5.2 Optical analogy to electron diffraction at a polycrystalline lattice
P6.1.6.1 Observing individual lycopod spores in a Paul trap
P6.2.1.1 Determining the wavelengths H
a, H
b and H
g from the Balmer series of hydrogen
P6.2.1.3 Observing the splitting of the Balmer series on deuterated hydrogen (isotope splitting)
P6.2.2.2 Qualitative investitation of the absorption spectrum of sodium
P6.2.4.1 Franck-Hertz experiment with mercury - Recording with the oscilloscope, the XY-recorder and point by point
P6.2.4.3 Franck-Hertz experiment with neon - Recording with the oscilloscope, the XY-recorder and point by point
P6.2.6.2 Electron spin resonance at DPPH - determinig the magnetic field as a function of the resonance frequency
P6.2.6.3 Resonance absorption of a passive RF oscillator circuit
P6.2.7.1 Observing the normal Zeeman effect in transverse and longitudinal configuration - spectroscopy using a Lummer-Gehrcke plate
P6.2.7.3 Observing the normal Zeeman effect in transverse and longitudinal configuration - spectroscopy using a Fabry-Perot etalon
P6.2.7.4 Measuring
the Zeeman splitting of the red cadmium line as a function of the
magnetic field - spectroscopy using a Fabry-Perot etalon
P6.2.8.1 Optical pumping: observing the pump signal
P6.2.8.2 Optical pumping: measuring and observing the Zeeman transitions in the ground states of Rb-87 with
s+- and
s--pumped light
P6.3.1.1 Fluorescence of a luminescent screen due to x-rays
P6.3.1.2 X-ray photography: Exposure of film stock due to x-rays
P6.3.1.3 Detecting x-rays using an ionization chamber
P6.3.1.4 Determining the ion dose rate of the x-ray tube with molydenum anode
P6.3.2.1 Investigating the attenuation of x-rays as a function of the absorber material and absorber thickness
P6.3.2.2 Investigating the wavelength dependency of the attenuation coefficient
P6.3.2.3 Investigating the relationship between the attenuation coefficient and the atomic number Z
P6.3.3.1 Bragg reflection: diffraction of x-rays at a monocrystal
P6.3.3.2 Investigating the energy spectrum of an x-ray tube as a function of the high voltage and the emission current
P6.3.3.3 Duane-Hunt relation and determination of Planck's constant
P6.3.3.4 Fine structure of the characteristic x-ray radiation of a molybdenum anode
P6.3.3.5 Edge absorption: filtering x-rays
P6.3.3.6 Moseley's law and determination of the Rydberg constant
P6.3.3.7 Compton effect: verifying the energy loss of the scattered x-ray quantum
P6.3.5.1 Recording and calibrating an x-ray energy spectrum
P6.3.5.2 Recording the energy spectrum of a molybdenum anode
P6.3.5.3 Recording the energy spectrum of a copper anode
P6.3.5.4 Investigation of the characteristic spectra as a function of the element's atomic number: K-lines
P6.3.5.5 Investigation of the characteristic spectra as a function of the element's atomic number: L-lines
P6.3.5.6 Energy-resolved Bragg reflection in different orders of diffraction
P6.3.6.1 Fine structure of the characteristic x-ray radiation of a molybdenum anode
P6.3.7.1 Compton effect: verifying the energy loss of the scattered x-ray quantum
P6.3.7.2 Compton effect: Measurement the energy of the scattered photons as a function of the scattering angle
P6.4.1.1 Ionization of air through radioactivity
P6.4.1.4 Recording the characteristic of a Geiger-Müller (end-window) counter tube
P6.4.2.1 Statistical variations in determining counting rates
P6.4.3.4 Determining the half-life of Cs-137 - Recording and evaluating the decay curve with CASSY
P6.5.1.1 Demonstrating the tracks of
a particles in a Wilson cloud chamber
P6.5.2.1 Rutherford scattering: measuring the scattering rate as a function of the scattering angle and the atomic number
P6.5.3.1 Nuclear magnetic resonance in polystyrene, glycerin and Teflon
P6.5.4.1 a spectroscopy of radioactive samples
P6.5.4.2 Determining the energy loss of
a radiation in air
P6.5.4.3 Determining the energy loss of
a radiation in aluminum and in gold
P6.5.4.4 Determining age using a Ra-226 sample
P6.5.5.1 Detecting
g radiation with a scintillation counter
P6.5.5.2 Recording and calibrating a
g spectrum
P6.5.5.4 Identifying and determining the activity of radioactive samples
P6.5.5.5 Recording a
b spectrum with a scintillation counter
P6.5.5.6 Coincidence and
g-
g angular correlation in positron decay
P6.5.6.1 Quantitative observation of the Compton effect
P7.1.1.1 Structure of a body-centered cubic and face-centered cubic lattice
P7.1.2.1 Bragg reflection: determining the lattice constants of monocrystals
P7.1.2.2 Laue diagrams: investigating the lattice structure of monocrystals
P7.1.2.3 Debye-Scherrer photography: determining the lattice plane spacings of polycrystalline powder samples
P7.1.2.4 Debye-Scherrer Scan: determining the lattice plane spacings of polycrystalline powder samples
P7.2.1.1 Investigating the Hall effect in silver
P7.2.1.2 Investigating the anomalous Hall effect in tungsten
P7.2.1.3 Determining the density and mobility of charge carriers in n-Germanium
P7.2.1.4 Determining the density and mobility of charge carriers in p-Germanium
P7.2.1.5 Determining the band gap of germanium
P7.2.2.1 Measuring the temperature-dependency of a noble-metal resistor
P7.2.2.2 Measuring the temperature-dependency of a semiconductor resistor
P7.2.3.1 Recording the current-voltage characteristics of a CdS photoresistor
P7.2.4.1 Exciting luminescence through irraditaion with ultraviolet light and electrons
P7.2.6.1 Determining the transition temperature of a high-temperature superconductor
P7.3.2.1 Recording the initial magnetization curve and the hysteresis curve of a ferromagnet
P7.5.1.1 Application of x-ray fluorescence for the non-destructive analysis of the chemical composition
P7.5.1.2 Determination of the chemical composition of a brass sample by x-ray fluorescence analys
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